نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدگان فارابی

2 شهید بهشتی

3 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدگان فارابی

10.22067/economlaw.2023.76138.1167

چکیده

امروزه قراردادهای مصرف که بخش گسترده‌ای از قراردادها را شامل است، غالباً در قالب استاندارد منعقد می‌شوند. با وجود صرفه اقتصادی، این قراردادها نتایج نامطلوبی برای مصرف‌کننده در پی دارد؛ به گونه‌ای که تاجر با بهره‌گیری از موقعیت برتر خود، قراردادی غیرمنصفانه و ناعادلانه به سود خود و به زیان مصرف‌کننده منعقد می‌کند. حقوق نمی‌تواند در برابر این بی‌عدالتی منفعل بماند، اما سازوکارهای حقوقی برای مقابله با شروط ناعادلانه و یک‌طرفه قرارداد مصرف از کارائی لازم برخوردار نیست، زیرا مقررات مذکور، هماهنگ با آموزه‌های اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک، بزرگ‌ترین عامل پدیدآمدن قراردادهای غیرمنصفانه مصرف را نابرابری و عدم‌تقارن اطلاعاتی بین مصرف‌کننده و تاجر دانسته و بر این اساس، از راهکارهای افشاء اطلاعات به عنوان ابزار اصلی حل مساله شروط غیرمنصفانه قراردادهای مصرف بهره می‌گیرد که نیازمند بازنگری و تحول است. این نگرش نو، بهره‌گیری از یافته‌های «حقوق و اقتصاد رفتاری» است، بر این اساس، مشکل اصلی قراردادهای مصرف، نه فقط عدم‌تقارن اطلاعاتی بین مصرف‌کننده و تاجر، بلکه در فرایندهای واقعی ادراک و تصمیم‌گیری مصرف‌کننده نهفته است که متاثر از سوگیری‌ها و خطاهای شناختی است. بر این اساس، در این مقاله با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی نشان خواهیم داد که رویکرد حقوق اتحادیه اروپا که متضمن مفصل‌ترین و پیشروترین مقررات در این عرصه است و همچنین، مقررات حمایت از مصرف‌کننده در حقوق ایران، مبتنی بر پارادایم اطلاعاتی منبعث از آموزه‌های اقتصاد نئوکلاسیک بوده که در نیل به قراردادهائی منصفانه و عادلانه ناموفق بوده است

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