نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 شهید مدنی آذربایجان

2 دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

تجربة دهه‌های اخیر نشان داده است که صرف شناسایی حقوق مصرف‌کنندگان در قوانین ماهوی و تعیین ضمانت اجرا، تنها بخشی از مشکلات موجود در این عرصه را حل نموده و مرحلة نهایی تأمین‌کنندة اهداف، راهکارهای شکلی است. در واقع توجه به راهکارهای شکلی، همچون امکان اقامة دعوای گروهی، در کنار راهکارهای ماهوی، مانند امکان ابطال شروط غیرمنصفانه و جبران خسارت‌‌های معمول، می‌تواند نقش بسیار مؤثری در حل مشکلاتی مانند عدم انگیزة مصرف‌کننده در اقامة دعوا به دلیل هزینة بالای دادرسی، اطالة دادرسی و پیچیده بودن اثبات مسئولیت در این دعاوی را ایفا ‌نماید. بر این اساس در مقالة حاضر، کوشیده‌ایم چالش‌های شکلی موجود در حقوق ایران را در حوزة حقوق مصرف، بررسی کرده و درنهایت راهکار پیشنهادی خود در این زمینه را که استفاده از دعوای گروهی است، ارائه نماییم. دعوای گروهی به دلیل برخورداری از ویژگی‌هایی همچون رسیدگی یکباره به تمامی دعاوی، امکان اقامه دعوا از سوی برخی زیاندیدگان به نمایندگی از تمامی آنها و ... منجر به کاهش تراکم کار دادگاه‌ها، تسریع در تعیین تکلیف دعوا، کاهش هزینه‌های اقامة‌ دعوا و دادرسی، صرفه‌جویی در هزینه و وقت دادگاه و ... می‌شود. همین کارکرد مثبت و کارآیی اقامه دعوای گروهی در حوزه حقوق مصرف، مهم‌ترین دلیل رشد و توسعه استفاده از آن در حقوق خارجی است. درعین‌حال اقامه این دعوا در حقوق ایران از یک سو با اصل نسبی بودن آراء دادگاه‌ها و از سوی دیگر، با لزوم اقامه دعوا از سوی شخص دارای سمت در تعارض است که حل این مسئله با وجود برخی مقررات در قانون تجارت الکترونیک، نیاز به قانون‌گذاری خواهد داشت.

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