نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 خوارزمی تهران

2 دانشگاه تهران

3 دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران

چکیده

از جمله مسأله مبنایی در تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق قراردادها، جایگاه ضمانت‌اجرای الزام به انجام عین تعهد و چگونگی ارتباط آن با فسخ قرارداد و پرداخت خسارات است و نظام‌های حقوقی کامن‌لا و رومی ـ ژرمنی مقررات متفاوتی در این‌‌خصوص دارند. چنان‌که به نظر برخی استادان نگرش اقتصادی به حقوق، اصول بی‌تفاوتی و اتکای به قرارداد، اخلاقی بودن اجرای عین تعهد، پیامدهای اطلاعاتی و امکان انعقاد قراردادِ جبران خسارات ناشی از عدم امکان تعهد، کارآیی تقدم انجام عین تعهد بر فسخ قرارداد را ثابت می‌کنند. در مقابل، موافقان کارآیی تقدم فسخ قرارداد بر انجام عین تعهد به دلایلی، هم‌چون ملاحظاتِ عرفی و انصاف در ضمانت‌اجراهای نقض قراردادی، مولّد انگیزه بودن ضمانت‌اجراها و اصل خوداتکایی متعهدله در ضمانت‌اجراها، استناد کرده‌اند؛ که بررسی دلایل هر دو گروه به‌منظور رسیدن به نتیجه‌ای موافق با مؤلفه‌های تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر با تحلیل و تبیین دلایل موافقان تقدم انجام عین تعهد یا فسخ قرارداد، رابطۀ معنادار اقتصادی بین ضمانت‌اجراهای یادشده را نشان می‌دهد و پس از تحریر محل بحث، با تکیه بر تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق به نتیجه‌ای می‌رسد که به‌طور مطلق کارآیی تقدم انجام عین تعهد یا فسخ قرارداد از دلایل مورد استناد طرفداران آن‌ها قابل برداشت نیست؛ بلکه باید در این‌خصوص قائل به نظریۀ تفصیلی شد و برحسب ویژگی‌ قراردادها ـ عادی، مصرفی و تجارتی ـ تقدم انجام عین تعهد یا فسخ قرارداد را پذیرفت.

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