zohreh gholam alizadeh; esmaeel abdollahi
Abstract
The cost of the crime shows the relative importance of the problem of its occurrence. If the costs of a crime are high (low), the occurrence of that crime will be a big (small) problem. The use of economic theory in the field of law is not a new and controversial phenomenon, but what is new and controversial ...
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The cost of the crime shows the relative importance of the problem of its occurrence. If the costs of a crime are high (low), the occurrence of that crime will be a big (small) problem. The use of economic theory in the field of law is not a new and controversial phenomenon, but what is new and controversial is the generalization of economic analysis to a wide range of institutions of the legal system with a non-economic essence. This research is descriptive in nature and describes and defines topics such as criminal policy and solutions to reduce the cost of crime. The results of the research showed that by establishing well-considered and tested laws and regulations, it can make it difficult to abuse the criminal process and prevent the loss of economic benefits and subsequently reduce the costs of crime; And in an efficient and effective criminal policy, management tools to minimize the costs of crime can be aimed at the structure of the investigation authorities and employment of labor, without wages or with minimum wages, which can be in the form of applying the experiences and ideas of economists and criminologists, with a scientific approach to obtain the tools of judicial exclusion or act in the form of using crime prevention methods; The criminal policy of England compared to Iran, with the use of institutions and in various ways in order to prevent the commission or repetition of crimes in order to prevent the density of criminal cases and the density of the criminal population by using the provision of minimum costs of criminal justice, has been able to achieve fruitful and acceptable results. find and reduce the aforementioned costs, which causes the growth and excellence of the criminal justice system.
Mostafa Elsan; Zarir Negintaji
Abstract
Contrary to popular belief, "central bank independence" is a legal issue that has economic implications. Because the determination of the powers, duties and responsibilities of the central bank is done by law and the government can not impose anything other than what is provided in the law to the central ...
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Contrary to popular belief, "central bank independence" is a legal issue that has economic implications. Because the determination of the powers, duties and responsibilities of the central bank is done by law and the government can not impose anything other than what is provided in the law to the central bank. Therefore, most studies on the independence of the central bank, from an economic point of view, deal with issues such as measuring the degree of independence, the effects of this independence on macroeconomic variables, etc. and examine the issue from a legal perspective and pathology of existing laws or the legal vacuum has not been addressed. Therefore, if the independence of the central bank is considered desirable, the best possible tool to achieve this is to provide for it in the law, which is examined in this study. This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature.He results of this study show that despite a law that gives the government broad powers over how the central bank is run and interferes in its decisions, in the current situation, talking about the independence of the bank can only be a political slogan. Hence, however, the mere existence of a law that emphasizes the independence of the central bank is not sufficient for its independence; but it can be seen that the existence of such a law is a precondition for the practical independence of the central bank. As a result, the independence of the central bank is related to various issues and has several criteria; Meanwhile, the interventionist role of the government (whether directly or by submitting a bill to parliament or enacting executive approvals) has the greatest impact on undermining the independence of the central bank.
Vahid Sinaee; Somayyeh Zamani
Abstract
After the Iran- Iraq war (1980-1988), the priority of Iran’s policies was modernization of economy and the reconstruction of destructions caused by the war. Reconstruction coincided with the change of economic policies and a tendency towards capitalist economy. This changing of policies occurred despite ...
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After the Iran- Iraq war (1980-1988), the priority of Iran’s policies was modernization of economy and the reconstruction of destructions caused by the war. Reconstruction coincided with the change of economic policies and a tendency towards capitalist economy. This changing of policies occurred despite the fact that the majority of the members of the cabinet and the Islamic Consultive Assembly (Majlis) were in favour of an interventionist state economy. This article studies the changing of economic policies in 1989-1993 and the role of governmental institutions and Majlis in it. Analyzing the data gathered shows the cabinet and Majlis in this transition have had a subordinate and conforming role, whereas a coalition of pragmatist clergies and technocrats played an effective role.
