نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد حقوق تجاری اقتصادی بین المللی دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران

10.22067/economlaw.2023.79643.1238

چکیده

حقوق رقابت، حاکم بر فعالیت اقتصادی بنگاه ها، با چالش نوین بازار رمزارزها رو بروست. ضمن توجه به فلسفه قواعد رقابتی و اقتصادی بودن فعالیت ، تحلیل حقوقی بازار بیت کوین از منظر رقابتی منجر به شناسایی رفتارهای ضدرقابتی می شود. در این راستا نحوه اعمال مقررات رقابتی طبق ساختار بازار تعیین می شود. بروز رفتارهای ضدرقابتی با توجه ساختار بازار بیت کوین محتمل است.

سواستفاده از موقعیت مسلط که با عنوان استراتژی استخراج خودخواهانه و حمله 51% معروف است، با تغییر زنجیره اصلی، ضمن خدشه به خصیصه غیرمتمرکز بیت کوین، موجب شکست بازار با نقض اصل رقابت می شود. وضعیت مسلط می تواتد در نتیجه ادغام و یا انحصار در تجهیزات برترایجاد شود. تبانی الگوریتمی، مبنی بر تغییر الگوریتم برای ایجاد زنجیره فرعی، نمونه ای از رفتارهای کارتلی است که با تبانی توسعه دهندگان موجبات حمله 51% فراهم می شود. ترتیب دادن حملات شکلی از تبانی جهت اخلال در رقابت رقبا است. همچنین خطر قراردادهای ضدرقابتی فعالان و مصرف کنندگان بازار را تهدید می کند.

ساختار خودانتظام و جهانی بازار بیت کوین، مقررات و نهادهای رقابت با چالش صلاحیت حاکمیتی برخورد می کنند، ضمن این که دشواری شناسایی فعالان بازار اعمال ضمانت اجرای رقابتی را سخت می سازد. علاوه بر ارتباط موثر با توسعه دهندگان بیت کوین که می تواند پل ارتباطی موثر با بازار در اعمال قواعد و اصول رقابتی باشد، امکان اجرای مقررات رقابتی و صلاحیت نهاد قانونی، بر بنگاه های ثبت شده در قالب شخصیت حقوقی، طبق نظام حقوقی کشور محل ثبت فعالیت، قابل تحقق است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

 
References
[1] Alaodini, Amrabbas and Ghanbari Jahromi, Mohammad Jafar. (2015). Rules of healthy competition and comparison of countries in terms of competitiveness. Perspective of Business Management. Vol. 28. (In Persian).
[2] Azizi, Fatemeh and Soleymani, Hadi. (2020). Introduce of Bitcoin and its security challenges, Passive defense, Vol. 10, 4. (In Persian).
[3] Bakhtiyardvand, Mostafa and Farhadkhani, Zeinab. (2017). Tying in intellectual property licenses: the approach of competition law, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 9, 2: 24. (In Persian).
[4] Böhme, Rainer, Brenner, Michael, Moore, Tyler and Smith, Matthew. (2014). Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer.
[5] Böhme, Rainer & Christin, Nicolas & Edelman, Benjamin and Moore, Tyler. (2015). Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 29, 2.
[6] Bonneau, Joseph, Miller, Andrew, Clark, Jeremy, Narayanan, Arvind, Kroll, Joshua A. and Felten, Edward W. (2015). SOK research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy,
[7] Dowd, Kevin. (2014). New Private Monies: A Bit-Part Player?, IEA: the institute of economic affairs, 1st edition.
[8] European Union Blockchain Observatory and Forum. (2019). Legal and regulatory framework of blockchains and smart contracts
[9] Eyal, Ittay and G¨un Sirer, Emin. (2013). Majority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.
[10] Eyal, Ittay. (2015). The Miner’s Dilemma, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.
[11] Faella, Gianluca and Cosimo Romano,Valerio. (2019). Artificial intelligence and blockchain: an introduction to competition issues, competition law & policy debate, Vol. 5, 3.
[12] Franco, Pedro. (2015). Understanding Bitcoin: Cryptography, engineering, and economics, Wiley.
[13] Habiba, Saeed and Mirshamsi. (2018). The position of the rules of competetition law in the transfer contracts and permission to exploit industrial property rights, Private Law, Vol. 6: 14. (In Persian).
[14] Halaburda, Hanna and Sarvary, Miklos. (2016). Beyond Bitcoin: The Economics of Digital Currencies, Palgrave Macmillan.
[15] Hasanisangani, Vahid and Safaei, Seyed Hossein. (2019). Competition analysis of excessive pricing in the framework of intellectual property law by dominant company, Law researchs, Vol. 11, 3. (In Persian).
[16] Kheradmand, Mohsen. (2019). Jurisprudential review of cryptocurrency mining and exchange with a focus on the “Bitcoin”, Knowledge of Islamic Economics, Vol. 10: 2. (In Persian).
[17] Khoshnoudi, Reza and Alipour, Reza and Shekouhian, Alireza. (2017). Theoretical foundation, objectives and methods of compensation in competition law, The Judiciary law journal, 99. (In Persian).
[18] Kroll, Joshua A., Davey, Ian C., and Felted, Edward W. (2013). The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries, The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security.
[19] Lee Kuo Chuen, David. (2015). Handbook of digital currency, Bitcoin, Innovation, Financial Instruments, and Big Data, Elsevier.
[20] Mcginnis, John O. and Roche, Kyle. (2019). Bitcoin: order without law in the digital age, Indiana law journal, Vol. 94, Iss. 4, 6.
[21] Miri Lavasani, Somaye saadat and Heydari, Bahareh and Razmjou, Aliakbar and Razmjou, Mohadese. (2019). Study of status of national cryptocurrency law, journal of new achievements in humanities studies,13. (In Persian).
[22] Mirzaei, Kazem and Fotouhabadi, Vahid and Nosrat abadi, Jamshid. (2019). Study of effective factors on Bitcoin fluctuation and inherent fiscal risks of cryptocurrencies with GARCH (1,1) model, Defense economic, 10. (In Persian).
[23] Mirzakhani, Reza and Saadi, Hosseinali. (2018). Bitcoin and monetary and jurisprudence nature of virtual money, journal of Iran's economic essays, 30. (In Persian).
[24] Naderi, Hossein. (2019). Analysis, Bitcoin: opportunities and threats, National security watch, 88. (In Persian).
[25] Nakamoto, Satoshi. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
[26] Norouzi Shams, Mashiatollah. (2006). A look at competition law in the laws of several countries, Human sciences (Imam Hossein University), Vol. 61. (In Persian).
[27] OECD. (2018). Blockchain Technology and Competition Policy.
[28] Østbye, Peder. (2017). The Adequacy of Competition Policy for Cryptocurrency Markets, Monetary Economics: Financial System & Institutions eJournal.
[29] Østbye, Peder. (2018). The Case for a 21 Million Bitcoin Conspiracy, Journal of Financial Transformation, Capco Institute, vol. 48.
[30] Rastogi, Sakshi. (2021). Cryptocurrency in the light of competition law, Supremo Amicus, Vol. 11.
[31] Robertson, Viktoria. (2019).  The rlevant market in competition law: a legal concept, Oxford University Press, Vol.7, 2.
[32] Robertson, Viktoria. (2020). Competition Law’s Innovation Factor: The Relevant Market in Dynamic Contexts in the EU and the US, Hart. 
[33] Sadeghi, Touba. (2007). Principles of competition commercial law with respect to relevant bill, Theology and law of Razavi University, 23. (In Persian).
[34] Schöning, Falk and Tagara, Myrto. (2018). Blockchain: Mind the gap! Lessons learnt from the net neutrality debate and competition law related aspects, Legal practices.
[35] Schrepel, Thibault. (2019). Is Blockchain the Death of Antitrust Law The Blockchain Antitrust Paradox, Georgetown Law Technology Review, 281.
[36] Schrepel, Thibault. (2020). The Theory of granularity: a path for antitrust in blockchain ecosystems, Available at SSRN 3519032.
[37] Schrepel, Thibault and Buterin, Vitalik. (2020). Blockchain code as antitrust, Berkeley technology law journal.
[38] Seyed Hosseini, Mir Meysam and Doaei, Meysam. (2014). Bitcoin: first virtual money, Bours, 114 and 115. (In Persian).
[39] Seyedi, Amir and Shahir, Leyli. (2017). The irony of Bitcoin to international money, Market and Cpaital, 93. (In Persian).
[40] Surblyte, Gintare. (2015) Competition Law at the Crossroads in the Digital Economy: Is it All About Google?, Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 15-13, Vol. 4, 5.
[41] Szmigielski, Albert. (2016). Bitcoin Essentials: Gain insights into Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency and a powerful technology, to optimize your Bitcoin mining techniques, Packt.
 
 
 
CAPTCHA Image